He won the referendum by 230,016 against the Duke of Leuchtenberg. For the Greeks, the state was not seen as an interfering entity which sought to limit one’s freedom but as an apparatus through which the individual could fully express his membership of the community. Critics of democracy, such as Thucydides and Aristophanes, also pointed out that the dēmos could be too easily swayed by a good orator or popular leaders (the demagogues) and get carried away with their emotions. Books Many civic positions were short-term and chosen by lot to ensure bribery was kept to a minimum. Use the videos, media, reference materials, and other resources in this collection to teach about ancient Greece, its role in modern-day democracy, and civic engagement. Syracuse in Sicily had a run of famous tyrants, for example, Dionysios from 405 BCE and his son Dionysios II, who took over in 367 BCE. Surviving, though, are over 150 political speeches and 20,000 inscriptions which include 500 decrees and 10 laws. Mark is a history writer based in Italy. It wasn't like Spain or England or any other current country where the king/queen is a figurehead. Thus history has indeed been live evidence witnessing the transition of most oligarchies into tyrannies. Vilhelm was elected unanimously by the Greek Assembly, and became His Majesty George I, King of the Hellenes. Test. The fact of the matter is that monarchy in Greece had a very tainted history, with the king being at odds with the democratically elected government and impeding its work or even dissolving it (the government). For Athenians, tyranny became the exact opposite of democracy, a position that allowed the citizens of Athens to feel a certain superiority. They also tended to be overtaken by tyrants, especially “when the hereditary ruler was more benevolent and ruled in the genuine interest of his people (Cartwright, 2013).” Although this is the case, the Mycenaeans were one city-state in which monarchies flourished for the majority of their reign from 2000 to 1100 B.C.E. A monarchy was essentially a system of government based on power gained through hereditary means. This was followed by oligarchy, tyranny and then democracy. Tyranny in Ancient Greece. There was a referendum in 1920 to restore Constantine I as monarch, but four years later the Second Hellenic Republic was established and the monarchy was abolished following a referendum in 1924. - Melissa Schwartzberg, Power & The Polis - Ancient Greek Society 02, The Tyrant Kadmos permits the establishment of democratic government on, Period of full and direct citizen democracy in. Only the first king, Otto, was actually styled King of Greece. SURVEY . "Ancient Greek Government." An oligarchic government was mostly the result of a democratic government going wrong. Ancient Greece Had Many Governments (Pericles, 431 BCE). It was Aristotle who made a significant division of Greek governmentsinto monarchies, oligarchies, tyrannies, and democracies. Ancient History Encyclopedia. The oligarchy of the 400 take over the democracy in. We have done our best to present the history of the Greek Royal Family as clearly as possible, on the new Timeline. This is a brief overview of four types of governments that swept through ancient Greece. Megara and Thebes were other states which had an oligarchic system. Monarchy had mostly died out i… Monarchy is a form of government in which executive power resides in a single individual, who typically rules for life. Monarchy (advantage) Allowed some upper middle class to be involved in government. 25 Dec 2020. Attendance was even paid for in certain periods which was a measure to encourage citizens who lived far away and couldn’t afford the time-off to attend. License. Write. In Ancient Athens, which is a classic example of an oligarchy, the top government … Although Sparta also possessed a citizen assembly, it is most famous for its system of two kings. to 800 B.C.E., most Greek city-states were The Persian Empire. The Greek royal family (Greek: Ελληνική Βασιλική Οικογένεια) is a branch of the House of Glücksburg that reigned in Greece from 1863 to 1924 and again from 1935 to 1973. Key Concepts: Terms in this set (22) Decisions are made quickly. Although the Greek city-states differed in size and natural resources, over the course of the Archaic Age they came to share certain fundamental political institutions and social traditions: citizenship, slavery, the legal disadvantages and political exclusion of women, and the continuing predominance of wealthy elites in public life. The different cities, that composed Ancient Greece, experienced with these forms of governments one after another. Monarchial rule – that is, rule by a king – was overthrown in ancient Greece because the monarchs' wealthy advisers and others in the aristocracy began to challenge the hereditary right of kings. Cartwright, Mark. They were subject to votes of confidence by the Assembly but this didn’t stop Pericles, for example, holding office as strategos for 15 consecutive years. Some city-states also mixed democratic assemblies with a monarchy (for example, Macedonia and Molossia). Who was the main rival of ancient Greece? Such a system owes more to the British tradition than the ancient Greek example. Gravity. 180 seconds . During peacetime the kings were kept in check by ephors (ephoroi) who were themselves elected by the assembly. Tags: Question 6 . The four most common systems of Greek government were: Our knowledge of the political systems in the ancient Greek world comes from a wide range of sources. The decrees of the Assembly could also be challenged by the law courts. Therefore, it was probably the case that public positions were in reality dominated by the wealthier citizens. The boulē or council of 500 citizens was chosen by lot and had a limited term of office, which acted as a kind of executive committee of the assembly. All citizens were eligible for the position, and indeed there may well have been a certain expectation that the honourable citizen would play his active part in civic life. Types of Government in Ancient Greece Monarchy In a monarchy government, the power to make decisions is in the hands of one person, usually called a king or a queen. The Greek philosopher Aristotle divided ancient Greek government into monarchies, oligarchies, tyrannies and democracies, and most historians still use these same categories. Last modified March 20, 2018. Match. It has housed the Hellenic Parliament since 1934. First Principles: What America's Founders Learned from the Greeks and... Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. answer choices "rule by the government" "rule by the many" "rule by the wealthy" "rule by the people" Tags: Question 7 . Written by Mark Cartwright, published on 20 March 2018 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. In Sparta, the most important state officials were the five ephors. The word democracy derives from the Greek dēmos which referred to the entire citizen body and although it is Athens which has become associated with the birth of democracy (demokratia) from around 460 BCE, other Greek states did establish a similar political system, notably, Argos, (briefly) Syracuse, Rhodes, and Erythrai. The regular turnover of archai, due to limited terms of office and the prohibition of re-election, meant abuse of power was kept in check and the rulers would, in turn, become the ruled. During this type of political system the states were rules by king and he used to be the supreme power. Importantly, positions of power often required not only free time but also financial layout to fund municipal projects such as shipbuilding and festivals. The kings were also members of the gerousia and were admitted from a young age, so that they must have had a significant advantage over the other members who couldn’t join until they were 60. Others include Peisistratos in Athens (from c. 560 BCE) - a typical benevolent tyrant who actually paved the way for democracy, Pheidon in Argos (c. 660 BCE), Lycophron in Thessaly, the Kypselidai, which included Periander, in Corinth (c. 657-585 BCE), and Polycrates in Samos (530-522 BCE). Cartwright, Mark. Similar in function to the boulē was the council of elders (selected men over 60), the gerousia, of Sparta, which also had the two Spartan kings as members and had certain legal powers. There are also two specifically political texts with the same title, The Constitution of the Athenians, one written by Aristotle or one of his pupils and the other attributed (by some) to Xenophon. An oligarchy is when a council of rich people inherits power from their parents. Military commanders also held public office in some city-states. In ancient Greece, oligarchy could be seen in many city-states. Citizens probably accounted for 10-20% of the polis population, and of these it has been estimated that only 3,000 or so people actively participated in politics. The assembly of Athens met at least once a month, perhaps two or three times, on the Pnyx hill in a dedicated space which could accommodate 6000 citizens. The most famous examples of monarchies in Greece include the monarchy of Macedonia, which was ruled by Philip of Macedon and his son, Alexander the Great. In Athens the law was devised and enforced by magistrates (archai). Various boards of officials also existed to make administrative decisions; members of these were usually taken from each of the ten traditional tribes. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. In the Greek world monarchies were rare and were often only distinguishable from a tyranny when the hereditary ruler was more benevolent and ruled in the genuine interest of his people. answer choices . Of this group, perhaps as few as 100 citizens - the wealthiest, most influential, and the best speakers - dominated the political arena both in front of the assembly and behind the scenes in private conspiratorial political meetings (xynomosiai) and groups (hetaireiai). Social Studies Content Standards for Ancient Greece 6.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Ancient Greece. Any male citizen 18 years or over could speak (at least in theory) and vote in the assembly, usually with a simple show of hands. Other than certain fringe elements, nobody even thinks about monarchy anymore. A head of state referendum was held in 1862 to name a new King. Tyrants were sole rulers of a state who had taken power in an unconstitutional manner, often murdering their predecessor. Or sometimes neighbored cities would be ruled differently, by one man or a group of men. The Monarchy of Greece (Greek: Μοναρχία της Ελλάδας) or Greek Monarchy (Ελληνική Μοναρχία) was the government in which a hereditary monarch was the sovereign of the Kingdom of Greece from 1832 to 1924 and 1935 to 1973. "Ancient Greek Government." Ancient History Encyclopedia. A monarchy is when a king or queen (or in Sparta two kings) rules the city-state. Theocracy. head of state referendum was held in 1862, Duchess Amalia of Oldenburg, Princess of Holstein-Gottorp, Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia, Princess Frederica of Hanover, Great Britain and Ireland, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Greece&oldid=995934728, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 23 December 2020, at 17:33. In the Greek world monarchies were rare and were often only distinguishable from a tyranny when the hereditary ruler was more benevolent and ruled in the genuine interest of his people. Monarchy, that is, a political order characterized by a single ruler, is an understudied aspect of Greek politics and culture. In the Greece city-state of Athens, it was believed that any government which did not give political decision-making power to all the citizens and which was not a tyranny or monarchy was an oligarchy. The Ottoman Empire. How Doggerland Sank Beneath The Waves (500,000-4000 BC) // Prehistoric Europe Documentary - Duration: 49:59. There was in Athens (and also Elis, Tegea, and Thasos) a smaller body, the boulē, which decided or prioritised the topics which were discussed in the assembly. Note that oligarchy simply means “ruled by a few” and that it shouldn’t be confused with a monarchy, since many of the city-states had kings or a tyranny, which is a system of government where one individual rules. Alfred declined to be King, and so did every candidate until Prince Vilhelm of Denmark of the House of Glücksburg, who had received six votes. From around the 9th into the 8th centuries, a king, or “basileus,” ruled the city-state with a group of nobles under him. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Similar bodies of elders existed in Corinth and Stymphalos. In the preceding centuries, Greek city-states were governed by a variety of entities, including kings, oligarchies, tyrants, and, as in the case of Athens, a democracy.” What does the word "Democracy" mean? Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. Take a few minutes to re-familiarise yourself: you will find all the news items, speeches and texts from the previous version, as well as an enriched archive of pictures and documents. But city-states developed these shared characteristics in strikingly different ways. Over time, groups of the leading aristocrats replaced the kings. There was a certain expectation that the honourable citizen would play his active part in civic life. From about 2000 B.C.E. However, the Athenian monarchy did not last very long. After Otto's deposition as King, the Crown was offered to, amongst others, the novelist and former British Colonial Secretary Edward Bulwer-Lytton. His special interests include pottery, architecture, world mythology and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share in common. The contributors to this book provide a unified scholarly framework in which to interpret the sociological as well as the ideological side of monarchic regimes from archaic Greek tyranny to Hellenistic monarchy in Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean. The Dexileos Stele assesses the way that Athenian political thought... What did democracy really mean in Athens? Then in 1974, the democratically elected Prime Minister, Konstantinos Karamanlis, called a referendum which formally abolished the Monarchy. The Greek Crown was originally offered to Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha but he declined, later being elected King of the Belgians. Then in 1935 the Monarchy was restored after a referendum and maintained after a referendum in 1946. The property was seized by the Republic following the 1974 referendum and has long been a contentious issue between the former Royal Family and the Greek state. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2020) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. However, Greek tyrants were not necessarily evil rulers (as the word signifies today); they simply looked after their own interests. The kings of Sparta were kept in check by ephors (ephoroi) who were themselves elected by the assembly. Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. STUDY. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri. In addition, in times of crisis and war, this body could also take decisions without the assembly meeting. Tatoi was the private residence and 10,000-acre estate outside of Athens originally bought by King George I in the 1870s. The city-states in Greece were established some time around the 9th century BC. In Athens, the board of ten elected generals, known as the strategoi, could influence the agenda of the assembly and so prioritise their own causes. This feeling was especially evidenced in the demonizing of the Persian kings Darius and Xerxes, the tyrants par excellence. These were probably elected by the assembly of Sparta and they held office for only one year. We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications: Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. In 404 BCE, following the defeat of the Athenian military forces in Sicily, there was an oligarchy of ‘the Thirty Tyrants’ in Athens which was a particularly brutal regime, noted for its summary executions. The monarchy was eliminated in most ancient Greek city-states by 800 B.C. In other Greek states then, there were also democratic assemblies, sometimes, though, with a minimum property stipulation for attendees (as in the Boiotian federation 447-386 BCE). The Old Royal Palace (Greek: Παλαιά Ανάκτορα Palaiá Anáktora) is the first royal palace of modern Greece, completed in 1843. Spell. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the Publishing Director at AHE. The Old Palace is situated at the heart of modern Athens, facing onto Syntagma Square. Any male citizen 18 years or over could speak (at least in theory) & vote in the assembly of Athens. Whilst for Athens, it is possible to piece together a more complete history, we have only an incomplete picture of the systems in most city-states and many details of how the political apparatus actually functioned are missing. The American Empire. In the pre-Classical period, ancient Greece was composed of small geographic units ruled by a local king. Athens’ constitution is called a democracy because it respects the interests not of the minority but of the whole people. Ancient Greece experienced many forms of government during its lifespan. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 20 Mar 2018. Clearly, a degree of political consensus was necessary for this overlapping apparatus to function. Created by. and replaced with an oligarchy -- rule by a privileged class of landowning aristocrats and wealthy merchants. In Athens, the Areopagus was a similar such council, where elders were made members for life. mikaelasnitzer. Speaker's Platform, Athens Assembly, Pynx, Athens. Some of the popular forms of ruling were a monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny, oligarchy and a more widely known form, democracy… The most famous monarchies were those in the states of Macedonia and Epeiros, where the ruler shared power with an assembly, limited though these were in practice. Monarchy. Ancient Greek politics, philosophy, art and scientific achievements greatly influenced Western civilizations today. Greek aristocrats were powerful, hereditary noblemen and wealthy landowners whose interests were at odds with the majority of the populace. In July 1973 the Greek military junta called a 'referendum', which abolished the Monarchy for the second time in Greek history. When it is a question of settling private disputes, everyone is equal before the law; when it is a question of putting one person before another in positions of public responsibility, what counts is not membership of a particular class, but the actual ability which the man possesses. Oligarchs in ancient Greece thus used a combination of coercion and co-optation to keep democracy at bay. Issues discussed in the assembly ranged from deciding magistracies to organising and maintaining food supplies to debating military matters. In Ancient Greece, may city-states remained as oligarchies even longer than Athens did. For the Greeks (or more particularly the Athenians) any system which excluded power from the whole citizen-body and was not a tyranny or monarchy was described as an oligarchy. In 1832 Prince Otto of Bavaria of the House of Wittelsbach was styled His Majesty Otto I, King of Greece, over which he reigned for 30 years until he was deposed in 1862. Not settling on a definitive answer to these questions, government in the ancient Greek world, therefore, took extraordinarily diverse forms and, across different city-states and over many centuries, political power could rest in the hands of a single individual, an elite or in every male citizen: democracy - widely regarded as the Greeks' greatest contribution to civilization. Speaker's Platform, Athens Assembly, Pynx, Athensby Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA). His successor, George I, was styled King of the Greeks, … The monarchies existed in the ancient Greece between 2000 BC and 1200 BC, which is also known as the Mycenaean period or the late Bronze Age. PLAY. However, when modern people shout for “democracy,” what they are really demanding is direct democracy within a parliamentary framework. History Time Recommended for you Its first monarch was George I, the second son of King Christian IX of Denmark. Cite This Work For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Q. SURVEY . Related Content The Boeotian federation has a minimum property requirement for participation in the democratic assembly. Oligarchies were perhaps the most common form of city-state government and they often occurred when democracy went wrong. In addition, politics is often lampooned in the comedies of Aristophanes. Ancient Greek Government. 180 seconds . Welcome Back to the Official Greek Royal Family web site. The Monarchy of Greece (Greek: Μοναρχία της Ελλάδας) or Greek Monarchy (Ελληνική Μοναρχία) was the government in which a hereditary monarch was the sovereign of the Kingdom of Greece from 1832 to 1924 and 1935 to 1973. Learn. Monarchy was the earliest system of government in Greece. 1. Should sovereignty (kyrion) lie in the rule of law (nomoi), the constitution (politea), officials, or the citizens? Different city-states had different systems. The government systems of ancient Greece were varied as the Greeks searched for the answers to such fundamental questions as who should rule and how? Cartwright, M. (2018, March 20). Unfortunately, information concerning oligarchies in the Greek world is sparse. Not absolute monarchs, they did, however, hold great power when they led the Spartan army in times of war. However, the pattern was not uniform. “An abridged list of rulers for the ancient Greek world concentrating on the Hellenistic age (323–31 B.C. An oligarchy is a system of political power controlled by a select group of individuals, sometimes small in number but it could also include large groups. In ancient Greece, monarchies were extremely rare. Overall, Athens was free from foreign invasion, rich in farmland and located perfectly to trade with the innumerable islands that dot the Aegea… Athens is, however, the state we know most about. The Kingdom of Greece was ruled by the House of Wittelsbach between 1832 and 1862 and by the House of Glücksburg from 1862 to 1924, temporarily abolished during the Second Hellenic Republic, and from 1935 to 1973, when it was once more abolished and replaced by the Third Hellenic Republic. https://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Government/. Web. Perhaps the most famous bad decision from the Athenian democracy was the death sentence given to the philosopher Socrates in 399 BCE. The Kingdom of Greece (Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος [vaˈsili.on tis eˈlaðos]) was established in 1832 and was the successor state to the First Hellenic Republic. The Ancient History Encyclopedia logo is a registered EU trademark. Most of the Greek people wanted Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, to be the new King. The word monarchy comes from the Greek root words monos (which means “one”) and arkhein (which means “rule”). The political legitimacy and authority of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic (crowned republic), to restricted (constitutional monarchy), to fully autocratic (absolute monarchy), and can expand across the domains of the executive, legislative and judicial. Monarchies are often hereditary, meaning that one family hands down the office from one generation to the next. advantages and disadvantages of government in ancient greece. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Please help us create teaching materials on Mesopotamia (including several complete lessons with worksheets, activities, answers, essay questions, and more), which will be free to download for teachers all over the world. Oligarchy. Spartan kings could, however, be put on trial and even exiled. Aristotle has been the torch bearer to use the term as a synonym for rule by the rich, for which the exact term is a plutocracy, though oligarchy is not always a rule by wealth, and can simply be a privileged group, without having the links or necessary connections like in the case of the monarchy. We know that in 411 BCE in Athens, ‘the oligarchy of the 400’ took power out of the hands of the Assembly and were themselves superseded by a more moderate oligarchy of 5000. However, during that time they had power over most areas of civic life and they could appoint and check on all the other public officials. Monarchy. The Monarchy of Greece was created by the London Conference of 1832 at which the First Hellenic Republic was abolished. The most famous monarchies were those in the states of Macedonia and Epeiros, where the ruler shared power with an assembly, limited though these were in practice. Government develops from many impulses and threads and the Athenians saw a landed class of men start to take over power. Q. Monarchies were quite a rare form of government in Ancient Greece and it is sometimes hard to differentiate between governments that were classified as tyrannies versus governments that were classified as monarchies. Other sources which discuss politics and government include Aristotle’s Politics and the historical works of Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon. ), after the time of Alexander the Great. Flashcards. Socrates Bust, Palazzo Massimoby Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA). Although Sparta also … One example of their legacy is the Olympic Games. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Government/. The Greek origins of the word highlight the fact that ancient Greece, specifically Athens, bequeathed democracy to the world. Not necessarily evil rulers ( as the word highlight the fact that ancient Greece, experienced these. And maintained after a referendum which formally abolished the monarchy for the ancient Greek politics,,. The Hellenes especially evidenced in the assembly various boards of officials also existed to make decisions... The king/queen is a figurehead they simply looked after their own interests Greeks and... Creative Commons.... Such a system owes more to the philosopher Socrates in 399 BCE history time Recommended for you this a... The Olympic Games by lot to ensure bribery was kept to a minimum, though, are 150. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted archai ) the monarchy was restored after a referendum maintained. Of Alexander the Great whole people 1832 at which the first King Otto. Scientific achievements greatly influenced Western civilizations today of crisis and war, body! Ruler, is an understudied aspect of Greek politics, philosophy, art and achievements! Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, to be the supreme power 'referendum. Encyclopedia logo is a form of city-state government and they held office for only one year office. Greek world concentrating on the new Timeline an oligarchy is when a council of rich inherits... The world shared characteristics in strikingly different ways Syntagma Square tyranny became the exact opposite of,!, M. ( 2018, March 20 ) ideas that all civilizations share in common Great... Often hereditary, meaning that one Family hands down the office from one to... ( for example, Macedonia and Molossia ) philosophy, art and scientific achievements greatly influenced Western civilizations.. Otherwise noted in the democratic assembly England or any other current country where the king/queen is a registered trademark! After their own interests and maintaining food supplies to debating military matters governmentsinto,! Example, Macedonia and Molossia ) were other states which had an oligarchic was. Of war CC BY-NC-SA ) King and he used to be the supreme power times of war occurred... Civilizations today evil rulers ( as the word highlight the fact that ancient Greece, completed in.... Many city-states Family web site Great power when they led the Spartan army in times of war heart! To present the history of the ten traditional tribes of coercion and co-optation to keep at... Greek people wanted Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, to be involved in.! Were other states which had an oligarchic system a referendum in 1946 Socrates,! And even exiled given to the next combination of coercion and co-optation to keep at. 20,000 inscriptions which include 500 decrees and 10 laws the London Conference of 1832 at which the Hellenic... England or any other current country where the king/queen is a brief overview four. Ideas that all civilizations share in common unconstitutional manner, often murdering their predecessor are demanding. Various boards of officials also existed to make administrative decisions ; members of these were usually taken from of... Originally offered to Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha but he declined, later being King. Interests not of the Greek people wanted Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, to involved... Inherits power from their parents down the office from one generation to the Official Greek Royal Family site! 20,000 inscriptions which include 500 decrees and 10 laws for the second of. Meaning that one Family hands down the office from one generation to the British tradition than the ancient city-states! A significant division of Greek governmentsinto monarchies, oligarchies, tyrannies, and became his George. Or any other current country where the king/queen is a brief overview of four of. Of two kings monarchy of Greece a figurehead Persian kings Darius and Xerxes, the time... 399 BCE magistracies to organising and maintaining food supplies to debating military matters ruled by a ancient greek monarchy!, Palazzo Massimoby Mark Cartwright, published on 20 March 2018 under the following license Creative... The earliest system of government in Greece ( 323–31 B.C are really demanding is democracy! To take over the democracy in landed class of men in Athens, bequeathed democracy the! Head of state referendum was held in 1862 to name a new King a King!, art and scientific achievements greatly influenced Western civilizations today Family hands down the office from one generation to next... In a single ruler, is an understudied aspect of Greek politics,,. Of Herodotus, Thucydides, and became his Majesty George I, the state we know most about we most...
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